One of the major causes of male infertility is idiopathic primary testicular dysfunction with abnormal spermatogenesis. Descriptive diagnoses usually include “oligozoospermia” (reduced sperm count), “asthenozoospermia” (reduced sperm motility), and “teratozoospermia” (reduced percentage of sperm with normal morphology). Male infertility is usually diagnosed on finding abnormal results on semen analysis. Sperm motility is a key factor in determining the quality of semen and a reliable predictor for fertilization success. Semen analysis is routinely used to investigate male infertility. Globally, 40–50% of the infertility cases are caused by male factor infertility, and as many as 2% of all men exhibit suboptimal sperm parameters. It is estimated that approximately 8–12% of couples worldwide are affected by infertility and problems of impaired fecundity. During fertilization, sperm cells fuse with the ovum to form a zygote. Sperm cells are specialized haploid cells that act as the male gamete.
This review highlights the general mechanisms that regulate sperm motility, and it stresses the importance and relevance of sperm surface molecules in regulating sperm motility. This will enable us to treat anomalies associated with proper sperm function. It is important to understand how surface molecules and proteins on the sperm cell regulate motility. Although there are several methods for treating infertility, most are complex, invasive, and expensive. Infertility and problems associated with conception can cause underlying stress and mental trauma. The indication of surface molecules presented new opportunities for understanding sperm motility and the possibility of treating infertility caused by impaired sperm function. Moreover, sperm cells have an array of surface proteins which play a critical role in their function and motility. Sperm motility is regulated by intracellular and extracellular pH, along with calcium ions (Ca 2+) and carbonate ion (HCO 3 −) concentrations. Several surface molecules on sperm cells can also regulate motility, thus showing their possible application as a treatment for infertility caused by impaired motility. There are various mechanisms that regulate and enhance sperm motility.
The indication of several crucial sperm surface molecules, having the ability to modulate motility, has opened new avenues in understanding the complex processes involved in motility. Sperm motility is one of the factors that is measured when analysing sperm parameters. A large number of men exhibit suboptimal sperm parameters. It is estimated that approximately 8–12% of couples globally face problems associated with infertility.
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